CoHSAT analysis of Party Transport Policies for the 2025 Oxfordshire County Council Elections

CoHSAT, the Oxfordshire Coalition for Healthy Streets and Active Travel has analysed the transport policies of six parties standing in the Oxfordshire County Council elections. In early April, CoHSAT launched a Manifesto with five principles for safe, fair and effective transport in the county, it used this as a basis for the assessment asking each party to respond to the CoHSAT Manifesto or analysing the party’s own actions, manifesto or policies.

“There are clear choices visible and voters should understand these,” said Robin Tucker, Co-Chair of CoHSAT, “the Liberal Democrats and Green Party have plans to continue current strategies to improve public transport, active travel and safety. The Conservatives have dropped any long-term strategy and are focused on potholes. Labour give a muddled message and it’s not clear whether they would follow the Citizens’ Assembly recommendations to continue core traffic management plans or not. Reform or Independent Oxford Alliance (IOA) would reverse many road safety schemes, increasing speeds and putting through traffic back into many residential roads; this would increase casualties by at least ten per year, possibly more than 100 if they implemented all of their policies, and we fundamentally disagree with their danger creating approach.”

Introduction

Oxfordshire County Council elections are on 1st May 2025. CoHSAT has launched a Manifesto with five principles for safe, fair and effective transport in the county, and asked each of the main parties for their views.
Where they have responded we reproduce their comments, and will fact-check where necessary. Where they have not, we have researched their published materials, election leaflets and recent actions to identify their likely policies. This web page will be updated when more parties respond to our survey.

CoHSAT’s five Manifesto principles are:

1. People-first Places
2. Invest in Active Travel
3. Public Transport that works for everyone
4. Reduce the problems caused by traffic
5. Make roads safe for all

Liberal Democrat Party

The Liberal Democrats responded to our survey:

1. People-first Places
   Will you use County links with the five Local Planning Authorities more effectively to develop new and existing places that provide for people’s needs, that are safe and attractive, and that do not add to the county’s traffic problems? Yes
   How? The LibDem-led County Council administration has a good record of embedding these principles in policy. It is vital to do so at an early stage, through adopting policies which applicants and planning authorities will work to, and in ensuring a joined-up approach between the various bodies responsible for delivering infrastructure. We have led on the delivery of LCWIPs, [Local Cycling and Walking Infrastructure Plans] have introduced new car parking standards for new developments, embedded the hierarchy of road users in our LTCP [Local Transport and Connectivity Plan], and invested in a range of infrastructure improvements such as Greenways and the ATF [Active Travel Funding] schemes. With large-scale development coming to our county, and Local Government Reorganisation, it is vital that this drive to build these principles into policy at all levels continues. The Liberal Democrats will do that.
   
2. Invest in Active Travel
   Will you prioritise growth in active travel (walking, wheeling and cycling) above other modes of transport, in line with the Local Transport and Connectivity Plan (LTCP)? Yes
   What would you prioritise? Liberal Democrats in administration have prioritised footways and cycle paths in our Highway Maintenance budget. We have brought forward a number of local schemes to reduce obstructions and clutter, for example at Howard Street/Flower Lane in Oxford. We are working hard on the complex issue of anti-social and dangerous parking, including looking at aspects which are a matter of council policy, such as the observation period for issuing FPNs, and others which sit with central government, such as pavement parking. We have successfully used our powers to address particular instances, for example in Oakthorpe Road and Summertown in Oxford. Dutch-style kerbs will be used where possible. We work closely with ATE [Active Travel England] and will aim to achieve a level 3 rating. On capability and resource, the current LibDem-led administration has brought some excellent and committed officer expertise into the AT team, and will continue to use the ongoing restructure process to embed those gains going forward, with a particular emphasis on the travel needs of disabled and less mobile road users. We have completed a number of LCWIPs for our larger towns, and more are in preparation.
   
3. Public Transport that works for everyone
   Will you deliver substantial measures that provide, prioritise and support bus services? Yes
   What would you prioritise? Our relationship with public transport providers is close and successful, most notably in the provision of 159 new all-electric buses in the central Oxfordshire SmartZone area. We inherited a public transport system still reeling from the catastrophic decision by the previous Conservative administration to remove all bus subsidy in 2016, resulting in the immediate withdrawal of almost 50 bus routes across the county. We have made very substantial progress in rebuilding the network through a complex and varied system of subsidy, tendering, joint working, third-party involvement and supporting community initiatives, with the result that every community of 500 or more residents now has a regular bus service of some kind. We have prioritised bus services in the delivery of infrastructure, for example through the HIF2 scheme and improvements to the A44 at Pear Tree. Our Central Oxfordshire Movement and Place Framework is aimed largely at capturing gains from a less car-dominated traffic filters Oxford to enhance and improve bus services. The filters scheme has already led to additional and improved services, even before it has gone live, and more will follow. The key to improving bus services is reducing congestion. Parties which claim to support public transport but fail to back the traffic filters are being fundamentally dishonest with the voting and travelling public.
   
4. Reduce the problems caused by traffic
   Will you continue the LTCP strategy to reduce overall traffic levels in Oxfordshire? Yes
   Which the main policies do you support to reduce the problems of motor traffic in Oxford? Traffic Filters; Zero Emissions Zone (ZEZ); Workplace Parking Levy
   What measures do you think will be most effective in reducing the problems of traffic?
   The policies in the LTCP are designed to work together. Each contributes a different combination of outcomes to the overall aim of reducing the impact of ever-increasing car traffic, for safety, health, amenity, and to boost the efficiency of public transport. Congestion charging is not currently policy
   The traffic filters will vastly improve the experience of road users such as hospital patients and tradespeople who use vehicles for their work. Our approach is to recognise the nature of different types of road and manage them appropriately. Residential streets function better if they do not also carry large volumes of through traffic.
   
   Providing good alternatives and encouraging their use is vital. We will continue to work with key stakeholders such as the health and education sectors to encourage non-car options for staff, students and others. Children who walk or cycle to school experience improvements to their health, learning, mental health and social life. Embedding these habits early is key.
   
5. Make roads safe for all
   Will you continue the Council’s commitment to Vision Zero, with a continued programme and investment to reduce road deaths and serious injuries towards zero? Yes
   What measures would you prioritise? Lower speeds save lives. We will continue our highly successful policy of working with communities to deliver the benefits of slower traffic. We will continue our highly successful School Streets policy, and continue to work with schools, including private schools, to manage the traffic generated by their operation and to support alternatives including school buses.
   
6. The Citizens’ Assembly
   Will you support the Recommendations of the Citizens’ Assembly, subject to working out the details? Yes
   What would you prioritise?
   A formal response to the recommendations will follow later in the year as set out in the agreed timetable for the Assembly. However, the direction and ambition of the Assembly is unambiguous: an independently-selected, representative group of residents clearly supports the Liberal Democrat vision of a safer, healthier, cleaner county less dominated by motor vehicles, in particular the private car, and demand that we show the necessary leadership to take the bold decisions required to deliver that vision. We are hugely encouraged by the Assembly’s input and grateful to its members. Other political parties have tried to pretend you can will the ends but not the means. The Assembly has blown that fiction out of the water. Liberal Democrats accept the challenge given us by the Assembly. We will not shirk our responsibility to deliver the future its members have demanded.

CoHSAT commentary: The LibDems as leaders of a coalition Council since have continued the plans started by the Conservatives in 2015 to reduce traffic problems and increase the attractiveness of options, particularly buses, walking and cycling. Like any party choosing to continue the existing LTCP (supported unanimously by all Councillors in July 2022), the major challenges are that the next term runs to 2029 (unless interrupted by the start of a unitary authority) which will be almost upon the 2030 date for targets for car trip reduction, cycling trip increase and 50% serious road casualty reduction. Major obstacles to achieving these include current funding levels from central Government, which are still low, and commitments to housing and road-building, which will stimulate car traffic unless both alternatives and disincentives are provided, as per the LibDem strategy.

Labour Party

1. People-first Places
   Will you use County links with the five Local Planning Authorities more effectively to develop new and existing places that provide for people’s needs, that are safe and attractive, and that do not add to the county’s traffic problems? Yes
   How? One of the biggest challenges for Oxfordshire in nurturing new and existing communities is the dislocation of most planning powers from those over transport policy because of the two-tier system of Local Government we currently have. Labour is optimistic that the proposed creation of new unitary authorities will better allow for a holistic, harmonised vision for place – encompassing both space and movement. This should be in line with Government changes to the National Planning Policy Framework which call for a ‘vision-led’ approach to planning.
   
   Ahead of the reorganisation of Local Government in Oxfordshire, Labour would ensure the County Council takes a leading role in ensuring that upcoming district local plans conform with the principles and policies of the Local Transport and Connectivity Plan (LTCP), as well as the existing Decide and Provide Policy. This is another reason why district councils should not be trying to rush through their updated local plans.
   
   County Council policies including the Street Design Guide and Walking and Cycling Infrastructure Design Policy need to be strengthened to ensure that high-quality active travel and public transport infrastructure are included as standard in new developments.
   
   We welcome the creation of a new statutory duty for a new Mayor to produce a Spatial Development Strategy, which will allow proper joined up sustainable transport links with new homes. Councils in Oxfordshire must actively participate in the development of this new strategic development plan, rather than kill it as the Liberal Democrats did Oxfordshire 2050.
   
2. Invest in Active Travel
   Will you prioritise growth in active travel (walking, wheeling and cycling) above other modes of transport, in line with the Local Transport and Connectivity Plan (LTCP)? Yes
   What would you prioritise? Labour, from National Government downwards, is clear that walking, wheeling and cycling should be the natural choice for short journeys.
   
   The County Council has long suffered from a disjuncture between high-level policy making and delivery on the ground. Delivered schemes too often do not prioritise active travel and public transport or create safe routes for those walking and cycling. The creation of new LCWIPs is welcome but plans far exceed funding to deliver the necessary improvements on the ground. This needs to change. The County Council should have a joined-up approach whereby policy and high-level plans are backed up with the funding and expertise to deliver high-quality schemes as part of a continuous, high quality active travel network.
   
   This approach underlines Labour’s focus on delivering infrastructure. Making walking, wheeling and cycling easier and safer is key to modal shift. This often requires reducing traffic volumes and providing separation from motor traffic.
   
   Poor active travel infrastructure is a key reason why current LTCP monitoring shows cycling rates going in the wrong direction and walking rate growing well below target. This is why Labour is committed to building on the investment of £8 million for walking and cycling improvements in East Oxford (Mini-Holland) and £2 million for school streets already secured.
   
   Labour welcomes the work of the Council’s Transport Working Group and will seek to implement their recommendations. These will strengthen the Council’s delivery of active travel schemes.
   
3. Public Transport that works for everyone
   Will you deliver substantial measures that provide, prioritise and support bus services? Yes
   What would you prioritise? Labour believes in public transport. That’s why since its election to national office, the new Labour Government has promised local authorities additional powers to regulate bus services and almost doubled bus funding for Oxfordshire County Council. This contrasts with the savage cuts to bus subsidies undertaken by the Conservative and Liberal Democrats whilst in Government.
   
   Unlike other parties, Labour is clear that public transport is a key public service and should be run in the public interest rather than purely in the interests of profit. This is why we support taking local bus services back under public control through a franchising system as in Greater Manchester. This would give the County Council control over routes, fares and timetables. Such powers will allow the cross-subsidy of services to unlock new routes, as well as the ability to set new fare structures to reduce the burden facing families. The Lib Dem-Green Administration continues to oppose these beneficial changes.
   
   Working with Great British Railways, Oxfordshire County Council should use bus franchising to properly integrate public transport across the county, making changing between transport modes as easy as possible.
   
   Labour supports targeted interventions to support bus priority where space allows, including wider use of bus lanes.
   
4. Reduce the problems caused by traffic
   Will you continue the LTCP strategy to reduce overall traffic levels in Oxfordshire? Yes
   Which the main policies do you support to reduce the problems of motor traffic in Oxford? Zero Emissions Zone (ZEZ); Workplace Parking Levy; We will explore options for the County Council to pay the WPL for locally maintained schools. Labour is committed to exploring alternatives to the proposed traffic filters which are divisive and will not provide effective alternatives for those who currently rely on travelling into or within Oxford by car. We will work with experts and local communities to develop alternatives. These need to be effective and have the ability to secure public buy-in.
   What measures do you think will be most effective in reducing the problems of traffic?
   Whilst working patterns have changed significantly since COVID, commuting into and around Oxford by car continues to be a major driver of congestion – resulting in a distinct peak/off peak traffic pattern. This underlines the importance of the workplace travel planning and additional public transport links that might be unlocked through a workplace parking levy (and other investments). Modal shift away from the car relies on the provision of effective and affordable alternatives. This means creating new radial bus routes in Oxford, including linking employment sites to the Park & Rides, as well as express services to nearby towns and villages. Similarly, this means enhancing walking and wheeling infrastructure to provide safe connections to/from work – such as through new crossings, redesigned junctions, additional segregated cycle lanes and new low-traffic greenways into Oxford from nearby towns and villages.
   
   Work based travel planning and activation schemes can also make these new alternative connections more accessible. Particular attention will need to be paid to Oxford’s major public sector employers, including local hospitals and schools to ensure that staff can easily get to work from across the County, whilst minimising car traffic within Oxford.
   
   Implementation of a Workplace Parking Levy was one of the recommendations of the Labour secured Citizens Assembly on the future of transport, securing over 80% support from participants.
   
5. Make roads safe for all
   Will you continue the Council’s commitment to Vision Zero, with a continued programme and investment to reduce road deaths and serious injuries towards zero? Yes
   What measures would you prioritise? Labour is committed to Vision Zero. Deaths and serious injuries on Oxfordshire’s roads are unacceptable.
   
   Labour is clear that a commitment to Vision Zero must be backed by serious infrastructure investment to improve road safety, especially for vulnerable road users. We cannot allow Vision Zero to be merely warm words. Infrastructure commitments should build on the £8 million secured by Labour for walking and cycling improvements in East Oxford (Mini-Holland), £6 million for junction redesign and £2 million for school streets.
   
   Labour supports a timely roll out of 20 mph speed limits to all remaining applicable parts of the County, including Oxford – working with Parish, Town and District Councils. Labour will also push for bolder action by Thames Valley Police to enforce local speed limits, as well as further infrastructure interventions to make it socially unacceptable to speed. Labour will explore options for civil enforcement of speed limits.
   
6. The Citizens’ Assembly
   Will you support the Recommendations of the Citizens’ Assembly, subject to working out the details? Yes
   What would you prioritise?
   Labour secured the creation of the Citizens Assembly on the Future of Transport as part of a desired shift in how decisions are made on transport policy – putting the public at the heart of future decision making. This different approach recognises the difficult challenge of tackling congestion and decarbonising our transport system, and the need for the County Council’s approach to have public buy-in to be effective and politically sustainable.
   
   Labour welcomes the recommendations of the Citizens Assembly and the bold vision it has laid out for an inclusive car-free city centre, buses under public control and modal shift to walking, wheeling and public transport. We note that the formal recommendations only include proposals which got over 80% support from attendees.
   
   We regret that the Citizens Assembly was not able to make recommendations on the proposed traffic filters. This was a missed opportunity.
   
   The Citizens Assembly recommendations emphasise the importance of upfront investment in public transport and active travel to unlock effective and affordable alternatives for those who currently rely on their car to get around. This remains essential to behaviour change.
   
   Inclusivity is a key theme mentioned within the recommendations of the Citizens Assembly. It is essential that future transport schemes embed this and lessons are learned from case studies such as York.

CoHSAT commentary: Labour shows support for the 5 areas of our Manifesto, with strong evidence to back this up. Against this, two questions have emerged in the last few months.

One is that Labour dropped support for the planned experimental Traffic Filters in Oxford. Their responses above give some reasoning for this and their desire for an alternative. But this leaves a challenge, as the Filters are a key initiative for public transport and active travel, they have been in Council plans since 2015 without an alternative emerging, and any alternative would likely face the same issues. The second is the proposed permitting private car traffic through the LTN traffic filter in Crowell Road, Cowley, which would reduce safety and discourage active travel. This strikes us as inconsistent with Labour ambitions on liveable neigbourhoods, active travel and road safety elsewhere in their Manifesto.
(Labour deserve credit for having an Oxfordshire Manifesto, the only party to do so.)

Conservative Party

The Oxfordshire Conservative Party does not have a transport policy, and is yet to respond to our survey.
Its website refers to a ‘pothole emergency’, a survey to collect views on 20mph speed limits, and ‘Stop Labour’s tax on bus travel’ which campaigns against the national rise in the maximum bus fare from £2 to £3.
In its Budget Amendment proposal, the Conservative group proposed removing all discretionary spending on active travel (walking, wheeling and cycling), increasing Park and Ride charges (despite their message on increased bus fares above) and further increasing the spending on fixing potholes.
It also stated: “The CIA [Conservative Independent Alliance] further maintains its principled opposition the minority administration’s restrictive traffic measures in Oxford and would welcome discussions with other political groups as to how to find a better way of addressing congestion in and around the city. … The CIA will nonetheless continue to work with Councillors of all political persuasions who share our view that blunt, anti-car policies such as bus gates, low-traffic neighbourhoods and the workplace parking tax will serve only to set back the environmental cause by damaging local businesses and public services.”
So although the Conservatives introduced the plans to reduce traffic and prioritise buses in 2015, and supporting them as part of the July 2022 Local Transport and Connectivity Plan, they have now u-turned on these measures. We think this policy shift followed the Conservative’s national policy shift after the July 2023 Uxbridge & South Ruislip By-election, when they narrowly held the seat despite a 7% swing to Labour with ULEZ being a strong local issue. Rishi Sunak then introduced the ‘Plan for Drivers’ and went on to lose the July 2024 General Election (in which Labour gained Uxbridge & South Ruislip for the first time in the seat’s history).

1. People-first Places – No. No plans to make places better for people.
2. Invest in Active Travel – No. Tried to remove funding for walking and cycling.
3. Public Transport that works for everyone – No. Against bus priority measures and supporting fare increases.
4. Reduce the problems caused by traffic – No. They reversed support for the traffic management measures that they introduced and have no other plans to reduce traffic or the problems caused by traffic.
5. Make roads safe for all – No. They do not support traffic management, Low Traffic Neighbourhoods and their Councillors most often speak against 20mph speed limits.

Green Party

The Oxfordshire Green Party has not yet responded to our survey. We’ve drawn from their recent actions as part of the County Council, national 2024 Manifesto and 2022 City Council Manifesto.

1. People-first Places – Yes. Supporting improved “facilities so everyone has good access, including marginalised groups, whatever their level of mobility” and the Healthy Streets approach.
2. Invest in Active Travel – Yes. Supporting increased investment as part of both the County and City Councils.
3. Public Transport that works for everyone – Yes. The Oxfordshire Green Party has supported investment in public transport and the Bus Service Improvement Plan including the Traffic Filters. They also support rail investment.
4. Reduce the problems caused by traffic – Yes. They support implementation of the core ‘Connecting Oxford’ schemes to reduce the congestion and pollution problems caused by traffic, and schemes to reduce local problems from traffic danger and problematic pavement parking.
5. Make roads safe for all – Yes. The Green Party support the ‘Vision Zero’ commitment and the ‘the eradication of deaths and serious injuries on our roads’.

Independent Oxford Alliance Party

The Independent Oxford Alliance Party (IOA) has not yet responded to our survey, but set out their transport policy on their website.

We believe that people should have freedom of choice when it comes to modes of transport.
While congestion is a challenge in the city, it must be recognised that car journeys are a vital component of a range of options that enable individuals to move around the city effectively.
The best way to encourage less vehicular traffic and congestion in the city is to:
• provide effective alternatives to car travel
• organise routes to facilitate traffic movement, including one-way systems that avoid bottlenecks in built up areas, and thus keep traffic flowing
Under our plans:
• Accessible, reliable and affordable public transport will offer a true alternative to car journeys in and around Oxford.
• Improving the availability & functionality of public transport is a priority.
• For those who use a car, parking will be fairly priced and accessible to all, and Park and Ride services will be improved in both frequency of services and cost.
• The significant expansion (currently proposed by the Councils) of the Zero Emission Zone will be reviewed through open and transparent consultation.
• Low traffic neighbourhoods and bus gates, in place or planned, which divide our communities and damage our businesses will be removed
• 20mph speed limits will be returned to 30mph on main roads.
• New traffic routing systems, using carefully designed one-way systems, will improve traffic flows and maintain access across the city.
• New housing developments will include appropriate & adequate parking spaces.
• Cycle lanes will be maintained, and bollards along them will be reviewed and may be removed for safety reasons. Lost parking spaces will, where possible, be restored. Options for additional off-road cycle routes will be investigated.
• Police should enforce the Highway Code for all road users, including cyclists, e-scooter users and motorists.

The IOA state that congestion is a problem and that less vehicular transport is the solution, with ‘accessible, reliable and affordable public transport’.

However they do not propose any “effective alternatives to car travel”, and their main proposal is allowing though-traffic one-way down residential streets, which would be highly dangerous as drivers could travel at high speed knowing nothing was coming the other way. When one-way traffic was permitted in Howard Street and Magdalen Road it required high levels of traffic calming. However, IOA have also proposed removing traffic calming, for example the ‘shoulders’ on Newman Road.

On public transport, despite their policy, the IOA have opposed major public transport improvement measures in Oxford, including the Traffic Filters, which are a major element of the Bus Service Improvement Plan with the primary goal of improving bus flow and reliability. Their policy also proposes removing existing Bus Gates – removing the Bus Gates on High Street, Queen Street or Cornmarket would bring traffic chaos to the centre of Oxford, danger to pedestrians and obstruct bus services.
The IOA also oppose the Cowley Branch Line, and spread disinformation about ticket pricing (which will be far lower than their candidate David Henwood’s false claim of £15 to £21) and concerns about it triggering a CPZ (which will be needed anyway due to development in the area).

They state that “Cycle lanes will be maintained”, but “Lost parking spaces will, where possible, be restored.” Which means that Iffley Road and Morrell Avenue would return to their previous dangerous states where cyclists had to navigate between parked cars and moving traffic.
Their proposal to remove Low traffic neighbourhoods is unclear as our analysis has shown that retail trade has improved since two recent LTNs were installed. But removing these would not solve traffic problems as the traffic problems were present in 2013 to 2016, long before the Cowley LTN in 2021 and East Oxford LTN in 2022.

1. People-first Places – No. Their plans for one-way rat-runs will make residential streets hostile and dangerous places for people.
2. Invest in Active Travel – No. IOA proposals would make walking and cycling more dangerous. At Oxford City Council, an IOA budget amendment proposed reducing funding for pavement and cycleway gritting (it was defeated by other parties).
3. Public Transport that works for everyone – No. The IOA have opposed key measures to improve public transport and their proposal to remove Bus Gates would bring the city centre to a halt.
4. Reduce the problems caused by traffic – No. IOA plans would encourage more traffic, on more roads, increasing the problems of pollution, and increasing congestion at bottlenecks.
5. Make roads safe for all – No. One-way rat-runs on residential streets, higher speed limits and parking in cycle lanes would make the streets far more dangerous.

Reform UK Party

Reform UK does not have an Oxfordshire Manifesto and has not yet responded to our survey. However, its national ‘Our Contract with You’ document sets out some of their policies.

1. People-first Places – No. By banning Clean Air Zones and Low Traffic Neighbourhoods, Reform UK would make streets more dangerous and polluted.
2. Invest in Active Travel – No. Reform UK have no plans to invest in walking or cycling and their other plans would make it more dangerous.
3. Public Transport that works for everyone – No. Reform also want to scrap HS2 and their infrastructure plans focus on roads and existing railways.
4. Reduce the problems caused by traffic – No. Reform plan to ban councils from controlling the pollution and danger caused by traffic.
5. Make roads safe for all – No. Reform would scrap Low Traffic Neighbourhoods and 20mph zones, two of the most effective road safety interventions in recent years.

Evaluating the casualty impact of IOA or Reform UK policies

The 2021 Cowley Low Traffic Neighbourhood alone reduced road casualties by about 8 in 2023 – 4 within the LTN, and 4 on boundary roads.

We expect the saving in the 2022 East Oxford LTN to be similar. Opening just the Cowley and East Oxford LTNs to through traffic would increase annual road casualties by at least 10 per year.

There are many other Low traffic neighbourhoods across Oxford and the market towns of Oxfordshire, even though they may not have been called this. For Oxford, Danny Yee has compiled a list of existing LTNs. For example Freelands Road, filtered to traffic in 2002 after a 4-year old girl was injured by a driver or the Sunnymead area LTN in North Oxford, filtered with no left turn restrictions. Opening all the Oxford LTNs to through traffic would cause several times this ten casualties per year.

We don’t yet know the impact of Oxfordshire’s 20mph speed limit policy, but the fuller implementation in Wales has been described as “the most successful road safety intervention in modern times.” On it’s first year of data it has reduced total casualties by about 500, serious injuries by about 100 and deaths by about 10. Oxfordshire has about one-quarter the population of Wales, but 20mph has only been implemented in places where the town or parish councils requested it – approaching 300 locations. It is likely that this reduces casualties by at least 50 per year and so reversing the limits would cause 50 additional casualties per year.

Traffic Filters in Oxford are projected to reduce road casualties by 34 per year. IOA, Reform, or other parties that would nor proceed with these policies or an equivalent would maintain the higher level of casualties.

In total, IOA or Reform policies could cause 100 or more additional road casualties every year.